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Ensuring a tree maintains the BST property is crucial for the correctness of search operations.
Given the root of a binary tree, determine if it is a valid binary search tree (BST).
Recursive DFS with range constraints. `validate(node, min, max)`. Left child must be < node.val, Right child must be > node.val. Update ranges as we go down.
Time complexity is O(n). Space complexity is O(h).
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